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Saturday 31 August 2013

Hoysaleswara Temple

History

Siva and Parvathi – Hoysaleswara temple

From records it is known that the temple derives its name from the Hoysala ruler at that time, King Vishnuvardhana Hoysaleswara, though interestingly, the construction of the temple was initiated and financed by wealthy Shaiva citizens of the city, prominent among whom were Ketamalla and Kesarasetti. The temple building activity was taken up in competition to the construction of the Chennakesava Temple at Belur, a Vaishnava temple. The temple faces a large tank which was built in the middle of the 11th century and received water through channels from an ancient anecut (dam) built over the Yagachi river. The tank preceded the temple by nearly seventy five years. It is one of the largest temples dedicated to God Shiva in South India.

Temple plan

See also: Hoysala architecture, Chennakesava Temple, and Chennakesava Temple at Somanathapura

Decoratd pillar, Hoysaleshwara Temple, Halebidu

The temple is a simple dvikuta vimana (two shrined), one for “Hoysaleswara” and the other for “Shantaleswara” (after Shantala Devi, queen of king Vishnuvardhana) and is built with chloritic chist (Soapstone, also known as potstone). The temple complex as a whole is elevated on a jagati (platform), a feature that became popular in contemporary Hoysala designs. The two shrines which are adjoining, face east and each have a mantapa (hall) in front. The two mantapas are connected giving a large and imposing view of the hall. Individually, each shrine is smaller than the one at the Chennakesava Temple at Belur and contains a simple linga, the universal symbol of Shiva. The plan of the inside of the temple is simple but the exterior looks different because of the introduction of many projections and recesses in the walls. The towers of the shrines that are missing must have followed the star shape of the shrine, just as in many existing well-preserved towers in other Hoysala temples. The superstructure of the vestibule (which connects the shrine to the mantapa), called sukanasi, and the row of decorated miniature roofs above the eaves of the hall are all missing. The temple was built at a height that provided the architects sufficient horizontal and vertical space to depict large and small sculptures. The overall effect of the vertical and horizontal lines, the play of the outline, the effect of light and shade and the plan of the projections and recesses all amounts to a “marvellous exhibition of human labor to be found even in the patient east and surpasses anything in Gothic art”. The outer walls of these temples contain an intricate array of stone sculptures. The temple of Halebidu, has been described as an “outstanding example of Hindu architecture” and as the “supreme climax of Indian architecture”.

Lathe turned pillars Halebidu

The temple has four porches for entry and the one normally used by visitors as main entry today is actually a lateral entrance (north). There is one entry on the south side and two on the east side, facing two large detached open pavilions whose ceiling is supported by lathe turned pillars. All entry porches have miniature shrines as flanking. In addition there is a sanctuary for the Sun God Surya, whose image stands 7 ft (2.1 m) tall. The pavilions enshrine large images of Nandi, the bull, an attendant of Shiva. The pavilions share the same jagati as the main temple. As in the Chennakesava temple, this temple originally had an open mantapa to which, outer walls with pierced window screens made with the same material were erected, making the mantapa a closed one. The window screens are devoid of any art work. The interior of the temple is quite plain except for the lathe turned pillars that run in rows between the north and south entrances. The four pillars in front of each shrine are the most ornate and the only ones that have madanika sculptures in their pillar brackets. There are no other madanikas in the temple.

Sculptures

Idol at Hoysaleshwara Temple, Halebidu

The Hoysaleswara temple is most well-known for its wall sculptures that run all along the outer wall, starting with an image of dancing Ganesha on the left hand side of the south entrance and ending with another image of Ganesha on the right hand side of the north entrance. In all there are 240 such images. Perhaps no other Hoysala temple is as sculpturally articulate as this is and these sculptures are “second to none in all of India”. The most intricate of all sculptures are found in the lintels over two of the doorways, one on the south side doorway and the other on one of the eastern doorways.

Horizontal treatment

Frieze of elephants at temple base

In this temple, the Hoysala architects have broken from the tradition of using five friezes as the base of the temple, below the large wall sculptures and the window screens. The outer walls have two eaves that run around the temple. The top eaves is at the roof of the temple and the second eaves about a meter below. In between there are decorated miniature towers (aedicule). Below the lower eaves are the wall sculptures and eight friezes. This type of relief work is called horizontal treatment. Each of the eight friezes carries an array of decoration. Going from the bottom where the temple wall meets the platform, the lowest frieze depicts charging elephants which symbolise strength and stability, above which, in order, are friezes with lions which symbolise courage, floral scrolls as decoration, horses for speed, another band of floral scrolls, depiction of Hindu epics, makara (beasts) and finally a frieze with hansas (swans). No two animals are alike in a total frieze span of over 200 m. In the epic frieze, the epics are not continuous as they are mixed with other depictions. After the construction of this temple, Hoysala architects used this new kind of horizontal treatment only 50 years later, making it a standard style, but with six friezes.

Garuda pillar, 12th century old Kannada inscription, Halebidu

Garuda pillar

Another interesting object in the temple complex is the rare Garuda Sthamba (Garuda pillar). These are different from virgals (hero stones). Garudas were elite bodyguards of the kings and queens. They moved and lived with the royal family and their only purpose was to protect their master. Upon the death of their master, they committed suicide. The rare pillar on the south side depicts heroes brandishing knives and cutting their own heads. The inscription honors Kuruva Lakshma, a bodyguard of Veera Ballala II. A devoted officer, he took his life and that of his wife and other bodyguards after the death of his master. This event is narrated in an old Kannada inscription on the pillar. An 8 ft (2.4 m) tall sculpture of Ganesha including the platform rests at the South entrance.

Notes

^ a b c Professor S. Settar. “Hoysala Heritage”. Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 1225, 2003. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

^ “Hoysala Tours and Travels”. 2005 Hoysala Tours & Travels. http://www.hoysalatourism.com/halebeedu.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

^ The Hoysala style is an offshoot of the Western Chalukya style (Kamath 2001, pp. 13436)

^ The Western Chalukya carvings were done on green schist (Soapstone). This technique was adopted by the Hoysalas.Takeo Kamiya. “Architecture of the Indian subcontinent, 20 September 1996″. Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India. http://www.indoarch.org/. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

^ The jagati acts as a pradakshinapatha (path for circumambulation) as the shrine does not provide any such feature (Kamath 2001, p. 135)

^ This style is unique to the Hoysalas.Arthikaje, Mangalore. “Religion, Literature, Art and Architecture in Hoysala Empire”. 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

^ a b c Foekema (1996), p. 61

^ Since this tower is a few tiers lower than the main tower and is connected to it, it looks like the nose of the main tower. The Hoysala emblem is mounted on the “nose” (Foekema 1996, p. 22)

^ An eave is a projecting roof overhanging a wall (Foekema, 1996, p. 93)

^ According to art critic James Fergusson K. Kannikeswaran. “Halebidu, Temple of the month”. TempleNet. http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/halebidu.html. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

^ According to Art critic James Ferguson, Arthikaje, Mangalore. “History of Karnataka-Architecture of Hoysala Empire”. 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

^ Percy Brown in Kamath 2001, p. 135

^ These pierced window screens are very commonly found in earlier Western Chalukya temples also (Kamath 2001, p116)

^ The lathe turned pillars is a common feature of Western Chalukya-Hoysala temples(Kamath 2001, p. 117)

^ Madanika also called Salabhanjika or Shilabalika are quite common forms of Hoysala sculpture and are an old Indian tradition going back to Buddhist sculpture. Sala is the Sala tree and bhanjika the chaste maiden. In the Hoysala idiom, madanika figures are decorative objects, put at an angle in the temples so worshipers who circumambulate the temple could view them. They served the purpose of bracket figures to pillars also. Professor S. Settar. “Hoysala Heritage”. Frontline, Volume 20 – Issue 08, April 1225, 2003. Frontline, From the publishers of the Hindu. http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

^ A frieze is a rectangular band decorated with sculptures (Foekema 1996, p. 93)

^ Kamath (2001), p. 134

^ Foekema (1996), p. 62

^ In the new style of Hoysala construction, there are two eaves, one meter apart, that run around the temple. One eaves is located at the roof of the temple where the tower meets the wall. The other eaves is a meter below. Between the two eaves are decorated miniature towers. Below the lower eaves are the ornate sculptures from Hindu mythology below which are six friezes of equal width. Going from the top frieze there are hansas (birds), makaras (aquatic monsters), Hindu epics, floral scrolls, horses and finally elephants in the bottom frieze (Foekema, 1996 p. 29)

References

Gerard Foekema, A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples, 1996, Abhinav, ISBN 81-7017-345-0

Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002), OCLC 7796041.

Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), ISBN 0-19-560686-8.

“Landmarks in Hoysala architecture”. http://www.hoysalatourism.com/belur.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

“Historian Prof. Settar, Hoysala heritage”. http://www.flonnet.com/fl2008/stories/20030425000206700.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

“The Hoysala Dynasty, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat”. http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/hoysala.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

“History of Karnataka, Arthikaje”. http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

“Architecture of Indian Subcontinent, Takeyo Kamiya”. http://www.indoarch.org. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

“Halebidu, Temple of the month, TempleNet”. http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/halebidu.html. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

External links

Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu near Hassan(Karnataka)

Karnataka Halebid

Categories: Hindu temples in Hassan district | Shiva temples | 12th-century architectureHidden categories: Karnataka articles missing geocoordinate data | All articles needing coordinates

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Hoysaleswara Temple

UFO over Busan, South Korea

Red Fox

Distribution

Red fox (V. v. schrencki) lying in snow in Hokkaid, Japan

Today, the red fox has a range spanning most of North America and Eurasia, southern Australia, and with several populations in North Africa. In Australia the red fox is an introduced species and a conservation problem. Introduction occurred about 1850, for recreational fox hunting, In North America the red fox is native in boreal regions, introduced in temperate regions. There is a recent fossil record of Red foxes in boreal North America, and one subspecies of these native boreal foxes extends south in the Rocky Mountains. In temperate North America, Red foxes are derived from European Red foxes, which were introduced into the Southeastern United States around 1650-1750 for fox hunting,, and from there to California for the fur trade. The first introduction is attributed to Robert Brooke, Sr., who is said to have imported 24 Red foxes from England.. The introduced European Red fox may have interbred with the scarce indigenous population to produce a hybrid population. Three subspecies of Red fox are found in India: Vulpes vulpes montana (the Tibetan Red fox), found in Ladakh and the Himalayas, Vulpes vulpes griffithi (the Kashmir Fox) found in Jammu and Kashmir less the Ladakh sector, and Vulpes vulpes pusilla (the Desert Fox) found in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan and in Kutch, Gujarat. A subspecies, the Japanese Red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica) migrated from India to China and eventually to Japan.[citation needed]

Physical description

Various taxidermied red fox colour variations

A red fox is sitting in a meadow in Denmark.

A red fox in its winter coat in Evergreen, Colorado.

The largest species within the genus Vulpes and the largest of the true foxes, adult red foxes range in weight from 3.6 to 7.6 kg (7.9 to 17 lb) depending on region, with those living in higher latitudes being larger foxes living in Canada and Alaska tend to be larger than foxes in the United Kingdom, which are in turn larger than those inhabiting the Southern United States. Very large red foxes can weigh up to 14 kg (31 lb). Head and body length is 46 to 90 cm (18 to 35 in), with a tail of 30 to 55 cm (12 to 22 in) Size can be estimated from tracks. Red fox footprints are normally about 4.4 cm (1.7 in) wide and 5.7 cm (2.2 in) long. A normal Red fox’s trotting stride is about 33 to 38 cm (13 to 15 in). Sexual dimorphism is noticeable and males are typically 15% heavier than females.

The red fox is most commonly a rusty red, with white underbelly, black ear tips and legs, and a bushy tail usually with a distinctive white tip. The “red” tone can vary from dark chestnut to golden, and in fact can be “agouti”, with bands of red, brown, black and white on each individual hair. In North America, the red fox’s pelt has long, soft hair, whereas the fur of European Red foxes is flatter and less silky.. In the wild, two other colour phases are also seen. The first is silver or black, comprising 10% of the wild population. Approximately 30% of wild individuals have additional dark patterning, which usually manifests as bold markings on the face, with a stripe across the shoulders and down the centre of the back. The stripes form a “cross” over the shoulders, and these foxes are therefore often called cross foxes. Various phases can interbreed and offspring of different phases can occur within one litter. Farmed stock are mostly silver, but may be almost any colour including spotted or blotched with white.

As seen in this silver fox on San Juan Island, the color of the red fox varies considerably between individuals.

Fox eyes are gold to yellow and have distinctive vertical-slit pupils, similar to those of domestic cats. Their eyesight, despite having cat-like eyes, has been described by fox expert J. David Henry as “poor” and “near-sighted”. Their behavior, and eye-slits, combined with their extreme agility for a canid, warrants the red fox to be referred to as the “cat-like canine”. Its strong legs allow it to reach speeds of approximately 72 km/h (45 mph), a great benefit to catching prey or evading predators.

The red fox’s prominent bushy tail is another one of its iconic features. It accounts for about one third of the body length, and is used for insulation and a soft pillow for sleeping, as well as a tool for communication. It also provides balance for large jumps and complex movements. The distinctive white tip, or “tag”, is used as a field mark for distinguishing the red fox from other canids.

In general, the spacing between the canine teeth is approximately 18 to 25 mm (0.7 to 1.0 in) apart. Foxes lack the facial muscles necessary to bare their teeth, unlike most other canids.

During the autumn and winter, the red fox will grow more fur. This so-called “winter fur” keeps the animal warm in the colder environment. The fox sheds this fur at the onset of spring, reverting back to the short fur for the duration of the summer.

Ecology

Red fox with prey

The red fox is found in a variety of biomes, from prairies and scrubland to forest settings. It is most suited to lower latitudes but does venture considerably far north, competing directly with the Arctic Fox on the tundra. The red fox has also become a familiar sight in suburban and even urban environments both in Europe and in North America.

Dietary habits

Although classified as a carnivore, red foxes are omnivorous and are highly opportunistic. Prey can range in size from 0.5 cm insects to 150 cm red-crowned cranes. The majority of their diet consists of invertebrates, such as insects, mollusks, earthworms and crayfish. They also eat plant material, especially blackberries, apples, plums and other fruit. Common vertebrate prey includes rodents (such as mice and voles), rabbits, birds, eggs, amphibians, small reptiles and fish. Foxes have been known to kill deer fawns. In Scandinavia, predation by Red fox is the most important mortality cause for neonatal Roe deer. They will scavenge carrion and other edible material they find, and in urban areas, they will scavenge on human refuse, even eating from pet food bowls left outside. Analysis of country and urban fox diets show that urban foxes have a higher proportion of scavenged food than country foxes. They typically eat 0.5 to 1 kg (1 to 2 lb) of food a day.

They usually hunt alone. With their acute sense of hearing, they can locate small mammals in thick grass, and they jump high in the air to pounce on the prey. They also stalk prey such as rabbits, keeping hidden until close enough to catch them in a short dash. Foxes tend to be extremely possessive of their food and will not share it with others. Exceptions to this rule include dog foxes feeding vixens during courtship and vixens feeding cubs.

Red foxes have disproportionately small stomachs for their size and can only eat half as much food in relation to their body weight as wolves and dogs can (about 10% compared with 20%). In periods of abundance, foxes will cache excess food against starvation at other times. They typically store the food in shallow holes (5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) deep). Foxes tend to make many small caches, scattering them across their territories rather than storing their food in a single central location. This is thought to prevent the loss of the fox’s entire food supply in the event that another animal finds the store.

Interspecific relationships

Red fox kits in their natural habitat.

Along with the Gray Fox, the red fox is the most common species of fox in North America. The two species prefer different habitats. The red fox prefers sparsely-settled, hill areas with wooded tracts, marshes and streams. The Gray is found in brushy areas, swamplands and rugged, mountainous terrain. Where their ranges overlap, the smaller Gray Foxes tend to be the dominant species due to higher levels of aggression. Red foxes tend to be dominant in areas where they co-exist with Arctic Foxes. The larger, more aggressive Red fox can dominate Arctic Foxes in direct competition for den sites and other limited resources. Red foxes in the San Joaquin Valley of California compete with the smaller endangered San Joaquin Kit Fox.

In areas in North America where Red fox and Coyote populations are sympatric, fox territories tend to be located outside of coyote territories. The principal cause of this separation is believed to be active avoidance of coyotes by the foxes. Interactions between the two species vary in nature, ranging from active antagonism, to indifference. The majority of aggressive encounters are initiated by coyotes, and there are few reports of Red foxes acting aggressively toward coyotes except when attacked or when their pups were approached. Foxes and coyotes have sometimes been seen feeding together.

In Israel, the red fox shares its habitat with the Golden Jackal. Where their ranges meet, the two canids compete due to near identical diets. Foxes ignore jackal scents or tracks in their territories, and avoid close physical proximity with jackals themselves. Studies show that in areas where jackals became very abundant, the population of foxes decreases significantly, apparently because of competitive exclusion.

Red foxes sometimes compete with Eurasian Badgers for earthworms, eggs, fruits and den sites. Badgers have been known to kill and eat fox kits. However, violence between the two animals is thought to be uncommon, and most encounters amount to little more than mutual indifference. Foxes have on occasion shared dens with Eurasian Badgers.

Eurasian Lynxes tend to depress fox populations in areas where the two species are sympatric. The killing of Red foxes by Eurasian Lynxes is uncommon but occurs during winter and spring, the main period when foxes establish new territories. Beyond coyotes, badgers and lynxes, red foxes are known to be preyed on by golden eagles, gray wolves, cougars and bears.

Behavior

Fox playing with its kit

Living as it does in a wide variety of habitats, the red fox displays a wide variety of behaviours. In Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids, MacDonald and Sillero-Zubiri state that two populations of the red fox may be behaviourally as different as two species.

The red fox is primarily crepuscular with a tendency to becoming nocturnal in areas of great human interference (and artificial lighting); that is to say, it is most active at night and at twilight. It is generally a solitary hunter. If a fox catches more food than it can eat, it will bury the extra food (cache) to store it for later.

In general, each fox claims its own territory; it pairs up only in winter, foraging alone in the summer. Territories may be as large as 50 km (19 square miles); ranges are much smaller (less than 12 km, 4.6 sq mi) in habitats with abundant food sources, however. Several dens are utilized within these territories; dens may be claimed from previous residents such as marmots, or dug anew. A larger main den is used for winter living, birthing and rearing of young; smaller dens are dispersed throughout the territory for emergency and food storage purposes. A series of tunnels often connects them with the main den. One fox may only need a square kilometre of land marked by recognition posts that are special smells that come from a scent gland located just above a fox’s tail.

The scent from this gland is composed of or very closely related to the thiols and thioacetate derivatives used by skunks (most notably Mephitis mephitis) as a defensive weapon. This gives the red fox a skunklike scent detectable by humans at close proximity (about 2 to 3 meters or less) but which is not easily transferred to other animals or inanimate objects; so the concentrations secreted and/or produced by the gland must be very much less than that of the skunk. Vulpes vulpes and other subspecies cannot spray the thiolates like the skunks and does not appear to use the secretion as a defense.

The red fox has been considered a monogamous species, however evidence for polygamy (polygyny and polyandry) includes males extraterritorial movements during breeding season (possibly searching for additional mates) and males home ranges overlapping two or more females home ranges. Such variability is thought to be linked to variation in the spatial availability of key resources such as food.

The red fox primarily forms monogamous pairs each winter, which cooperate to raise a litter of 46 kits (also called pups) each year; but in various locales and for various incompletely explored reasons they may also practice polygamy (multiple males sharing a single female and/or vice versa). Young foxes disperse promptly on maturity (approx. 810 months).

The reason for this “group living” behaviour is not well understood; some researchers believe the non-breeders boost the survival rate of the litters while others believe there is no significant difference, and such arrangements are made spontaneously due to a resource surplus.

Socially, the fox communicates with body language and a variety of vocalizations. Its vocal range is quite large and its noises vary from a distinctive three-yip “lost call” to a shriek reminiscent of a human scream. It also communicates with scent, marking food and territorial boundary lines with urine and faeces.

John James Audubon noted that cross foxes tended to be shyer than their fully red counterparts. He conjectured that the reason was due to the greater commercial value its fur, thus forcing it to adopt a warier behaviour to evade hunters.

Reproduction

Fox kits nursing near the den

The red fox breeding period varies widely due to its broad distribution; southern populations breed from December to January, central populations from January to February and northern populations from February to April. Females have an annual estrous period of between 1 and 6 days; ovulation is spontaneous. Although a female may mate with several males (who fight amongst each other for the right), she will eventually settle with only one.

A fox kit sitting on sand

Males will supply food to females up to and after birthing, otherwise leaving the female alone with her kits (also called cubs or pups) in a “maternity den”. An average litter size is five kits, but may be as large as 13. Kits are born blind and may weigh as much as 150 grams (0.33 lb). Their eyes are open by two weeks and the kits have taken their first exploratory steps out of the den by five weeks; by ten weeks they are fully weaned.

In autumn of the same year, the young foxes will disperse and claim their own territories. The red fox reaches sexual maturity by ten months of age, and may live for 12 years in captivity but will usually only live three years in the wild.

Foxes and humans

Red fox sculpture in Japan

The red fox has both positive and negative standing with humans, often being loved or hated. This has been most visible in the United Kingdom where fox hunting with dogs was a traditional sport and an occasional localised means of culling, until this was made illegal in Scotland in August, 2002, and in England and Wales in February, 2005. The fox features in much folklore (see Reynard), usually as a wily villain, though sometimes also as the underdog who triumphs over human efforts to control or destroy it.

Like other wild animals, foxes are considered vectors of disease. The red fox helps farmers by preying on animals that damage crops but is considered to be a pest by farmers involved in poultry farming. In some places,[vague] the red fox is used as a food animal.

Greater visibility in nature documentaries and sympathetic portrayals in fiction have improved the red fox’s reputation and appeal in recent years.

In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170.

In Japan, foxes, known as kitsune, are considered as messengers of Inari, the god of farming, possibly because they prey on rodents that destroy harvests.

Fur trade

Silver fox fur

The red fox is of some importance in the fur industry. The fur of a silver fox was once considered by the natives of New England to be worth over 40 beaver skins. A chieftain accepting a gift of silver fox fur was seen as an act of reconciliation. Silver foxes were first commercially bred on Prince Edward Island, Canada in 1878. Red foxes are among the most commonly bred animals in fur farms, along with American Minks. Today, silver fox is traditionally used for collars and cuffs, wraps and stoles, while common Red fox fur is used for trimming and for full fur garments.

Livestock predation

An urban fox investigating a domestic pet in a garden in Birmingham, UK

Red foxes are generally considered to be the most serious predator of free range poultry. The safest option known in poultry protection is to keep the flock and the fox physically separated, usually with fencing. A fence needs to be at least 2 m high to keep out most foxes, though on some rare occasions, a determined fox might succeed in climbing over. Surplus killing will often occur in enclosed spaces such as huts, with discarded feathers and headless bodies usually being the main indicators of fox predation.

Although poultry is the most commonly-taken domesticated prey, Red foxes will on some occasions kill young or small animals, particularly lambs and kids. In exceptional circumstances, they may attack sub-adult and adult sheep and goats and sometimes small calves. Foxes will usually kill lambs or kids by repeatedly biting the neck and back, which is usually the result from young animals being caught while lying down. Other than with poultry, fox predation on livestock can be distinguished from dog or coyote predation by the fact that foxes rarely cause severe bone damage when feeding. Red foxes also are noted for carrying small carcasses back to their dens to feed their young which may account for some poultry, lambs and kids that disappear and are never found. Scientific studies in Britain found that between 0.5 % and 3 % of otherwise viable lambs may be taken by foxes, described as a small amount when compared to the mortality caused by exposure, starvation and disease.

In culture

Further information: Foxes in culture

“Reynard the Fox” as depicted in an 1869 children’s book.

The emblematic Red fox is a frequent player in the stories of many cultures. A trickster character, the word Sly is almost invariably associated with foxes in English, and the connotation of a sneaking intelligence (or even magic powers of stealth) are seen in traditional tales of Europe, Japan, China, and North America (though in North America the Coyot

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A New Basis for Astronaut Dreams

by MarkGregory007

Though NASA has closed down the area shuttle system, astronomers continue to be searching the evening sky rather of utilizing their mattresses. While countless think of acquiring a fresh star or alien lifetime, a limited astronomers have newly found treasure over plus above their wildest dreams. They have found the galaxy’s biggest diamond.

Located inside the Centaurous constellation regarding 50 light years from this world is a bright dwarf star with certain characteristics. By no signifies inside anybody’s wildest dreams about their bed mattresses has anybody ever thought this. This white dwarf is the crystallized heart of the superstar which was earlier because vibrant because the sunlight however which utilized up the power plus burnt away. What is left is a gleaming carbon gemstone.

Astronomers have called the galactic diamond “Lucy” after the Beatles track, “Lucy inside the Sky with Diamonds”. Simply like the diamonds here found on the world, Lucy really sparkles. The cosmic diamond additionally experiences continual pulsations that cause it to ring like a giant gong. Nobody will classify Lucy’s diamond level because of the time. A correctly sized jeweler’s loupe refuses to exist. Lucy’s carat fat has not determined either.

Astronomers researched Lucy’s continual pulsations to be capable to determine the star’s interior. It was completed inside the same method that seismic measurements are utilized to research Earth’s inside. But this planet’s interior is not a crystallized diamond. This modern discovery regarding the white dwarf star informs astronomers a lot regarding the sunlight.

Astronomers estimate which the sunlight may burn up inside about five million years inside the future.

Just what which signifies is the fact that the sunlight usually have selected up all its nuclear vitality. Astronomers had absolutely figured which synonymous to a bright dwarf star is left inside the sun’s region. Studying Lucy informs them the sunlight will leave a big carbon diamond at the center of the solar program.

They state pricey diamonds are a woman’s ideal friend. This modern discovery usually probably result various kids to think of pricey diamonds when they sleep on their mattresses. Astronomers all over the globe is dreaming of diamonds also – gigantic cosmic gemstones anyway. Ideally, these fresh discoveries regarding Lucy, the galaxy’s largest diamond, could spur youngsters to develop their dreams towards area. Space analysis has dropped recognition inside latest years. A new era of astronauts may be capable to find a lot more cosmic treasures.

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A New Basis for Astronaut Dreams

Latest Stephen Hawking Ufo News

FIOR DA FIORE

Giro d'affari previsto: 600 milioni di dollari. Richard Branson e la sua Virgin Galactic hanno già venduto 600 biglietti per i loro voli orbitali, di cui uno al fisico Stephen Hawking. E la Space Adventures, … Area 51 La Cia ha ammesso che l'Area 51 …
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Giant Armada of UFOs passing St. Petersburg, Russia, 2011-08-20

Celebrities Choose Hale Bob

by Random Factor

Where Hale Bob First Began

The year was 2000. Daniel Bohbot, originally from Morocco but living in Paris, visited Los Angeles for the first time. He’d spent many years working in the fashion industry and soon found himself excited by the original and creative styles of Hollywood stars. They were sexy and glamorous, combining earthy Bohemian looks with more sophisticated pieces. Their ability to put together stylish outfits prompted Bohbot to begin thinking about opening up his own shop of designer women’s clothing.

After Bohbot flew back to Paris, he consulted with his brother Marc, the famed founder of Bisou Bisou. Together, the brothers opened Hale Bob in 2001. It was their aim to provide California style to women all over the world. It wasn’t long before they decided that Paris was not the place they wanted to stay. The Bohbots moved their operation back to where it all started: Los Angeles.

Hale Bob is a variation on the name of the famed comet. Bohbot chose this name to represent how his clothing would make women feel like they were stars. It was his inspiration for the sexy tops which would become the brand’s first offerings. Soon, other nightclub-style garments were added to the label.

Hale Bob Style

It is easy to spot a Hale Bob piece. The style is sexy and chic. The clothing is reminiscent of East Indian scarves with their busy patterns, bright colors, and beading detail. Velvet and silk are the primary fabrics Bohbot uses. In fact, most of his designs are created in some form of rich, soft silk. Not only limited to tops and dresses, the label also includes a variety of footwear that pair perfectly with its clothing.

Sexy, sophisticated, and confident women love these designs.

They know that when they don one of these beautifully feminine dresses they will be the center of attention. Looking for the perfect outfit for a night of clubbing or to wear in attendance at that special party? A Hale Bob piece is sure to be noticed and remarked upon.

Any woman who wants to look as a good as a Hollywood star should have no problem finding some must-have pieces from Hale Bob’s latest collection. Look fabulous and feel like a celebrity in this feminine, romantic clothing.

Hale Bob clothing can be found at Stylerocket.com.

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Celebrities Choose Hale Bob

Latest Ufo Sightings Pictures News

Apollo 17 Captures Glowing UFO Above Moon [PHOTO]

An image from NASA's Apollo 17 image library shows a greenish-blue Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) hovering above the Moon. The UFO was spotted by UFO enthusiast and blogger Scott C Waring, who wrote about it on his website UFO Sightings Daily.
Read more on IBTimes.co.uk

Google Explains Kentucky UFO Sighting, But Witness Doubts 'Project Loon …

The aim is to bring internet to a large portion of the world's population, who otherwise wouldn't be connected," writes UFO Sightings Daily Scott Waring. However, Epling is not buying the claim, saying that "the photos of balloons that Google launched …
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SWARMS OF UFO 'S SEOUL SOUTH KOREA MEXICO RUSSIA NEW YORK WORLDWIDE !! 1 EVIL

The Words [Blu-ray] Reviews

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“There’s more than one way to take a life…” and THE WORDS couldn’t be truer. Rory Jansen (Bradley Cooper) has achieved his every goal: a loving wife critical success and a best-selling novel. The only problem is he didn’t write it. Now as his conscience starts to haunt him and his past wrongs are revealed it’s difficult to tell fact from fiction. Jeremy Irons Dennis Quaid Olivia Wilde Ben Barnes and Zoe Saldana star in this romantic thriller that keeps you guessing until the very end.It doesn’

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The Words [Blu-ray] Reviews

Why are UFO videos always blurry and the UFO is so far away?

by Mammaoca2008

Question by Willis: Why are UFO videos always blurry and the UFO is so far away?

Don’t they have the zoom option in the camera? There’s not one UFO video that shows some detail of the UFO itself.

Best answer:

Answer by Julian S
They are usually hoaxes so it’s on purpose. If by any chance they ARE real, chances are the viewer is too awestruck to care, or they’re unprepared and have a pretty bad camera on them. If you were driving along the road and you saw somebody performing telekinesis on a half ton bear, and you whipped out your camera, chances are that video would be low quality, too.

Add your own answer in the comments!

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Why are UFO videos always blurry and the UFO is so far away?

Dan Aykroyd Unplugged on UFOs

Investigate the mysterious world of UFO’s with actor/writer Dan Aykroyd, whose personal experiences led him to a deeper study of this controversial phenomenon. Joined by renowned author David Sereda, the two discuss recent findings, international UFO technology, governmental cover-ups and potential military intervention in a possible attack. Includes compelling UFO footage along with testimonials from astronaut Gordon Cooper and others.Former Saturday Night Live performer Dan Aykroyd has built a

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Dan Aykroyd Unplugged on UFOs

Looking for a book about different types of aliens, israelites, like jesus christ figures and ufo's?

by uair01

Question by T: Looking for a book about different types of aliens, israelites, like jesus christ figures and ufo’s?

It’s a paperback book,its white,and the writing is black.It shows pictures of ufo sightings,and important people,talking about facts.It also talks about different people that look like humans but are aliens.

Best answer:

Answer by Reptoid
This is similar

http://www.maar.us/alien_species.html

Give your answer to this question below!

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Looking for a book about different types of aliens, israelites, like jesus christ figures and ufo's?

Complete Collection Set Books 1-7 (The Earth Chronicles, The 12th Planet, The Stairway to Heaven, The Wars of Gods and Men, The Lost Realms, When Time Began, The Cosmic Code, The End of Days)

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Complete Collection Set Books 1-7 (The Earth Chronicles, The 12th Planet, The Stairway to Heaven, The Wars of Gods and Men, The Lost Realms, When Time Began, The Cosmic Code, The End of Days)

UFO CONTROVERSY - South African Group Demands Government UFO Files Release!! - WIkileaks Fallout?

Latest Alien Ufo Sightings News

CIA: UFO Sightings in 50s, 60s Were of Spy Planes

The document was credited in media reports with CIA acknowledgement of Area 51, a secret testing site in the desert at Groom Lake, Nev., where popular lore claims the U.S. government has tested UFOs and hidden aliens, much the same claims made about …
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Latest Alien Ufo Sightings News

Kennedy-UFOs-MJ-12-Part-1

Q&A: Why would the authorities want to withhold information on UFOs?

Question by StandTall: Why would the authorities want to withhold information on UFOs?

If it were true that the respective authorities are involved in the withholding of information concerning extra terrestrials, why do you think they want to do that?

Could they not just acknowledge the existence of such things? Do you think they are really in possession of extra terrestrial technology?

Thanks to all for the reply so far. But why would people panic? Isn’t this the 21st century? Aren’t the peoples in this world marture enough? Have the people in this world not seen enough of terrifying news in this world to take them within their stride?

For example, back in the good old days, my grandmother will be horiffied to hear the news of mass murders or violent robberies.

These things, however, my mother, who is now very old, just brush them aside. These are just too common place today. Even news on spacecrafts landing on other planets are just too pathetic to her these days. Nothing surprises her anymore.

So I cannot help but wonder will the people of this world really panic if they know alien life exists on other planets?

Best answer:

Answer by happybidz2003
To prevent panic.

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Q&A: Why would the authorities want to withhold information on UFOs?

The Cover-Up Exposed, 1973-1991 (UFOs and the National Security State, Vol. 2)

For autographed copies go only to Keyhole Publishing at http://keyholepublishing.com.

This is the 2nd volume in Richard Dolan’s series, “UFOs and the National Security State,” which covers all aspects of the UFO phenomenon from the 1940s to the present day. Volume 2, “The Cover-Up Exposed, 1973-1991,” analyzes the UFO sightings, politics, and research that occurred during the last two decades of the cold war.

Working from archival sources, professional journals, and his own investigations, Dolan describes UFO encounters worldwide, demonstrating that the phenomenon is glob

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The Cover-Up Exposed, 1973-1991 (UFOs and the National Security State, Vol. 2)

Very clear footage of a UFO from Airplane over Japan June 2011

What is the Truth about Alien Abductions - UFO Abductions

by new 1lluminati

An entire book can be devoted to the phenomenon of alien abductions that have been recorded across many countries at different times. A study conducted by Dr. John Mack and published in the Harvard University Gazette concluded that the abduction from 800 cases were made by mentally stable persons across vast segments of the population with no signs of delusion or any chronic tendency to lie and fabricate stories, much less any sign of mental illness.

His conclusion is not unique as studies conducted by other respected psychologists and psychiatrists revealed no aberrant mental health conditions in the people claiming to have been abducted by aliens.

Could they be telling the truth? And what was the motivation? Coincidence over thousands of cases? It had to be more than that.

Abductors were aliens though of varying types described ay humanoid reptiles, greys, non-distinguishable human form and energy beings.

There’s no demographic concentration even as aliens prefer younger people below the age of 40 as most abduction have a reproductive focus that are considered healthier at a younger age. There have been similar reports from children.

The abduction generally describe a sequence of events starting from being captured and forcibly taken into an alien space craft, intensive and often invasive medical and physical examination conducted by aliens, a conference with the abductors, a loss of time perceptive, return to the place where they were abducted and an aftermath consisting of a profound awareness of the universe and the supernatural coupled with some post traumatic coping with the experience from a social perspective as loved ones seldom believe their stories.

What makes the phenomenon arresting is that most alien abductees revealed fascinating details under hypnosis that would not be possible if the revelation were concocted or fabricated under a conscious state of mind.

The precise number of abductees may never be ascertained as many prefer to remain silent of their experience.

There have been about 1,700 abduction claims since it was documented in the 50s. The most famous was the Antonio Villas Boas case in 1957 and the Hill Abduction of 1961 which were the first “canonical” cases that established the template for later abduction cases that would rarely deviate from it. Since then, the phenomenon has gained widespread interest with a TV film Betty and Barney Hill Abduction in 1975.

For sure, as there are believers and people with an open mind about the phenomenon, there are skeptics who consider abductees as suffering from some temporary psychological disturbance like schizophrenia, parasomnia or epileptic seizure.

Others attribute the commonality of abducted cases with previous similar abductions from devils and demons common throughout history when spaceships never figured in the pop culture consciousness of their times. The central abduction elements are there with just the abductor personality changed. Abductions seem to see no end in sight prompting government agencies to start looking for intelligent life in the universe with giant antennas.

There is a website that describes Alien Abductions and numerous other topics of interest such as conspiracies, secret technology, ufos, secret weapons research, bible end times predictions and many other such subjects, this website is called: The Great Deception and it may be found at this url: http://www.great-deception.com

You may publish this article in your ezine, newsletter or on your web site as long as it is reprinted in its entirety and without modification except for formatting needs or grammar corrections.

—————————————————-

Robert W. Benjamin has been in the software business since the 1970′s on the C64, AMIGA, and WINDOWS Computer Systems. He has won magazine awards for the ‘Game of the Month’, and more, in several European computer magazines.

The Great Deception

http://www.great-deception.com

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What is the Truth about Alien Abductions - UFO Abductions

UFO - Jaeger S01E08 Alien Baby doku deutsch

were can i find an article about todays ufo sightings in Ukraine?

Question by dillonftw: were can i find an article about todays ufo sightings in Ukraine?

i heard about it on fox news but i cant find anything on google about it and i searched it on fox but i got nothing. any links or something?

Best answer:

Answer by sanju
http://www.allnewsweb.com/page1881885.php

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were can i find an article about todays ufo sightings in Ukraine?

America's Central Air

HC HVAC & R Network Recently, advantageous information came within the historic capital of Xi’an, Xi’an Metro Line air-conditioning project following fierce competition, the best “withering of beauty.” Aesthetic

Central air conditioner Metro Line may supply the many technologically advanced company-wide DC v4 + multi-line goods. It is understood which the nationwide accelerate the city with all the recent

Metro The pace of investment, metro central air conditioner at house plus abroad become more plus more companies to become white-hot competition for the unique battlefield. The United States as well as the central air-conditioning inside a multitude of sturdy woodland of the competition, plus demonstrates superior beauty of strong technical strength, plus usually further consolidate its leading position inside the industry.

According to reports, Xi’an inside Shaanxi and Metro Line construction inside western China’s initial subway project, total investment about 18 billion yuan. First begin the construction of Metro Line 2 is the anchor of Xi’an subway line north-south traffic, path size 26.4 km. The project was started inside 2006 over the board, is expected to be completed inside 2011 plus used. The Metro Project big amount for the complex technical needs, including several foreign brands to attract businesses including compete. After repeated comparisons of specialists, demonstration, plus most comments, the United States of V4 + plus more online inside purchase to boost the dependability of network correspondence protocols, excellent season

Energy Efficiency ratio, ultra-long stable procedure, complete the construction plus service task, overcome the countless technical issues, the Party to satisfy the unique needs of the project, culminating inside a quantity of foreign brands plus domestic brands stand out, by Party , the unanimous consent of designers plus experts.

It is understood which the United States a special competitive benefit originates from its long-term accumulation of technological accumulation plus innovation. From its founding, America’s central air conditioner has been to build the world’s leading brand for the workplace of nationwide freedom. After years of innovation plus development, the U.S. central air conditioner from a toddler, gradually forward to the completion of eighty or perhaps a scratch, best from there to the superior transformation, has grown into the leading brand of central air conditioner. The winning project in the United States as well as the V4 + multi-line, is a bit more representative of the country’s many cutting-edge online development amount of a unique central air conditioner treatments. In energy savings, quiet, security, shape flexibility plus different technologies have accomplished a hot breakthrough. DC varying speed items utilizing the newest industry technologies, goods, stamina efficiency far exceeding the nationwide standard of the present power efficiency guidelines, the relevant departments to be included inside “energy-saving goods the government procurement list.” Additionally, V4 + plus more online treatments fit state

Green Building , The concept of low-carbon economy, with more green

Environmental security The fresh environment-friendly R410A refrigerant plus meet the EU RoHS Directive production procedure. Products, when introduced, it was the initial innovation inside Guangdong plus air conditioner goods qualified plus has claimed broad recognition marketplace.

Relevant U.S. official said: Recently, the State Council approved the city’s subway construction inside 22 programs, nationwide rail transportation master program investment can reach 882.003 billion yuan. Accordingly, China might become the world’s biggest urban rail transit construction marketplace, whilst the central air-conditioning items are state-related infrastructure has constantly been a “necessity”, the US’s biggest urban rail construction usually seize the positive chance to fight inside more cities Rail project effective, can create a field of rail transportation inside China a signal of the brand, plus further to a broader global marketplace.

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America's Central Air

Ways to persuade people on why we should have more UFO Research?

Question by plup97: Ways to persuade people on why we should have more UFO Research?

This is in my Language arts class, we’re supposed to have a debate/essay over a certain topic, and I got UFO research. I’m supposed to be FOR UFO research, NOT against it, so does anyone have any reasons why we or I should say, the government or something, should conduct more UFO research?

Best answer:

Answer by Jamlord
Forget it. All governments are trying to get their hands on one of those ships, because who ever has them, controls the skies over this planet. Our government still pretends like they don’t exist.

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Ways to persuade people on why we should have more UFO Research?

Mass Cash Coverup Exposed

by mikecrissflick

Mike Auton is well known in the affiliates Marketing world, started out from scratch as an affiliate with no background whatsoever, and within six months, he was generatingmillions of dollarsin affiliate sales using paid traffic techniques that he had developed on his own. And while he was happy with his results, he realized that for many affiliates, investment in paid advertising campaigns is out of reach. So for the last 15 months, Mike and his crew have bunkered down to create a system, that is often promised but seldom delivered, delivering a 100% automated sytem.

Mike developed a two part, simple to execute formula, for generating unlimited, laser targeted traffic at zero cost, with expeditious results, zero cost traffic, fast….

The product became a necessity, as Mike like most Old School affilliate marketers had his pay per click foundation pulled out from under him, like so many others, he was a victim of the change in marketing focus, at google, which eliminated the affiliates ability to direct link to sales pages from an ad on AdWords. He has created a software system which automates the process of SEO procedures to include backlink construction, Article spinning, and blog pinging. As Mike moved to free traffic methods, and was faced with the drugery of creating profiles in hundreds of different sites, submitting articles and building backlinks, he sought a simpler method, a worksaving tool to enable rapid indexing and recognition by the popular Search Engines. As do all of the new automated systems that are coming out on the market today, this product begins with the basics, instruction for the newbie includes niche identification, product selection, you will need to learn how to construct a site, and I would continue to recommend WordPress for the neophyte marketer. The part of the product which I enjoy the most would of course be the article library. Mike has provided upwards of 3700 articles, all professionally written and keyword optimized, targeted with laser beam keywords, towards the most productive product categories available on clickbank and elsewhere, thereby, taking some of the drugery out ot the writing process, which, not surprisingly, is the biggest obstacle to most blogger’s progress.

Mike refutes other methods in his sales page, while I like his product, my suggestion would be to slight no other method of traffic generation, use whatever means you have at your disposal to create traffic streams to your blog post or website. Furthermore, I don’t have basic belief in anything that is promoted as totally automatic. At the very list, the work to set up and use the autosubmission software, will have to be done for every blog site an product you promote, so this still does not spell 20 minute payday in my book. I really like the backlinking and article submission software, it belongs in any web marketer’s arsenal, so if you don’t have the tools which do this job for you already, you would be wise to join the world of automated submission. For further information, please visit EliKen Marketing, here at http://masscashcoverup.us/ and we will help you

EliKen is a company formed by Husband/wife team, Kenneth Ford and

Eliene Teixeira dos Santos. They became involved in internet marketing,

through the process of learning to drive traffic to Kenneth’s Insurance

sites. For More information, visit them at

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Aliens

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Aliens

Conspiracy theories

by Chris Devers

Nasa Faked the Moon Landings

And Arthur C. Clarke wrote the script, at least in one version of the story. Space skeptics point to holes in the Apollo archive (like missing transcripts and blueprints) or oddities in the mission photos (misplaced crosshairs, funny shadows). A third of respondents to a 1970 poll thought something was fishy about mankind’s giant leap. Today, 94 percent accept the official version… Saps!

The US Government Was Behind 9/11

Or Jews. Or Jews in the US government. The documentary Loose Change claimed to find major flaws in the official story — like the dearth of plane debris at the site of the Pentagon blast and that jet fuel alone could never vaporize a whole 757. Judge for yourself: After Popular Mechanics debunked the theory, the magazine’s editors faced off with proponents in a debate, available on YouTube.

Princess Diana Was Murdered

Rumors ran wild after Princess Diana’s fatal 1997 car crash, and they haven’t stopped yet. Reigning theories: She faked her death to escape the media’s glare, or the royals snuffed her out (via MI6) to keep her from marrying her Muslim boyfriend. For the latest scenarios, check out www.alfayed.com, the Web site of her boyfriend’s dad, Mohamed Al Fayed.

The Jews Run Hollywood and Wall Street

A forged 19th-century Russian manuscript called “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion” (virtually required reading in Nazi Germany) purports to lay out a Jewish plot to control media and finance, and thus the world.

Several studies have exposed the text as a hoax, but it’s still available in numerous languages and editions.

The Scientologists Run Hollywood

The long list of celebrities who have had Dianetics on their nightstands fuels rumors that the Church of Scientology pulls the strings in Tinseltown — vetting deals, arranging marriages, and spying on stars. The much older theory is that Jews run Hollywood, and the Scientologists have to settle for running Tom Cruise.

AIDS Is a Man-Made Disease

A number of scientists have argued that HIV was cooked up in a lab, either for bioweapons research or in a genocidal plot to wipe out gays and/or minorities. Who supposedly did the cooking? US Army scientists, Russian scientists, or the CIA. Mainstream researchers point to substantial evidence that HIV jumped species from African monkeys to humans.

The Illuminati Run the World

The ur-conspiracy theory holds that the world’s corporate and political leaders are all members of an ancient cabal: Illuminati, Rosicrucians, Freemasons — take your pick. It doesn’t help that those secret societies really existed (George Washington was a Mason). Newer variations implicate the Trilateral Commission, the New World Order, and Yale’s Skull and Bones society.

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Conspiracy theories

Remarkable Belgian UFO Sightings (1989, 1990) - The UFO Wave 1 of 2

Are UFOs real I think I saw one over gatwick?

Question by Spoofer: Are UFOs real I think I saw one over gatwick?

I was at the pub yesterday and I went out for a walk past the airport where I saw strange lights over gatwick. I reported it 2 the police but they said it was just a plane. Is this just a cover up. Plus planes are like the size of two cars and this was way bigger. Are UFOs real and did I see one.

Best answer:

Answer by annitta
Probably, some people will not believe in UFOs untill one smashes their house

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Are UFOs real I think I saw one over gatwick?

Paul (2011)

by Fibonacci Blue

What Worked?

The combined forces of the Fregg duo deliver a Sci-Fi, swear-packed, alien nerd-fest.Paul, directed by Superbads Greg Mottola is an interestingly funny road-trip flick. Paul is about two nerds and one alien, and at times is just as dirty as that sounds. Mottola, in Edgar Wrights usual role directing Simon Pegg and Nick Frost, serves the fanboys well enough, and Pegg and Frost still got their guy-love chemistry sparking.

The film is always on-the-go, moving from awkward moments, to gross-out moments, to dry humor and back around again. Mottola is an able-minded director that keeps the pace brisk and steady. The CGI for Paul is done rather-well, as he looks like the classic alien figure, but also feels real enough to not be a glorified cartoon.

Pegg and Frost play the two comic book nerds: Graeme and Clive. Their actions fit their floppy hair and novelty t-shirts, as they are at ease playing authentic geeks. As they have in the past, they click in the bromance department once again. The comedic timing of Pegg and Frost is always sharply on the dot, and they still retain their nerd-boy personas throughout. Seth Rogen, voicing the title character, is a foul-mouthed, pot-smoking, insanely entertaining green little man. Rogen shines as Paul and delivers the vulgar humor on a golden plate. Joining the usual duo of Pegg and Frost is Kristin Wigg, playing the intensely religious Ruth. Wigg is a wonderful addition to the brigade, and adds to the comedy with her lovable awkward cursing and mannerisms.

Paul is like a comedic love-letter to classic Sci-Fi flicks written by some Comic-Con fans that got high off of Mars dust (probably a true story). This is a great addition to the golden vault of kick-back flicks, and contains characters that many would love to share a beer with. The script triggers genuine laughs, and takes some bold moves; for example, it takes humorous shots at intense, born-again Christians. In addition, the film is drenched with cinematic tributes, and almost doubles as a game to find them all. Paul is a fitting buddy, road-trip, alien encounter film thats absurd and funny, making for a pretty good distraction from the drabness and tragedy of the everyday grind.

Potential Drawbacks:

This is not Hot Fuzz or Shaun of the Dead. Those two amazing efforts bring this film down a notch or 10, as it will live in those two titans shadows for most viewers. The story is all over the place, as most road-trip films are, but there isnt a strong enough main focus to keep viewers completely engaged.

There is also a plethora of cameos and characters and ideas that the film gets bogged down at times. Pegg and Frost are in top form, but arent utilized to their blazing comedic potential that we know theyre capable of. At times you do think that Edgar Wright wouldve done a better job in the directors chair, as the clashing of crude humor and Brit humor didnt work all the time. The film just works better for viewers that are both fans of Sci-Fi films and Pegg /Frost.

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